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Rates of reaction of halogenoalkanes Introduction In my experiment I will be comparing how the rate of displacement of the halide ion in a nucleophilic substitution reaction varies with respect to the C-X bond(where X is a halogen- either Cl, Br, or I). Firstly, I will show how nucleophilic substitution works with the equation below: C2H5Br + H2O › C2H5OH + HBr Bromoethane water ethanol hydrogen bromide In the above equation the OH¯ from the water acts as a nucleophile. Nucleophiles have a spare pair of electrons and so are attracted to the positive carbon atom in the bromoethane: H H ? ? H-C-C-Br OH¯ (you can also see that the bromoethane is a primary ? ? structure as it has two hydrogen atoms bonded to the H H main carbon atom) This nucleophile forms an intermediate and so the carbon has 5 bonds (10 electrons) in its outermost shell. H H OH ? ? H-C-C ...

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