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Proteins Proteins have a considerable number of functions within the human body. Examples of these functions are: * Structure e.g. collagen in bone, keratin in hair, actin in muscle; * Enzymes e.g. amylase and catalase; * Hormones e.g. insulin; * Antibodies e.g. immunoglobins; * Toxins; * Blood clotting e.g. thrombin and fibrin; Proteins are comprised of amino acids, which consist of the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulphur. When in a neutral pH, one end of the molecule has a positive charge and the other a negative charge; this means that the molecule as a whole doesn't have a charge. When in a low pH (acid) environment or a high pH (alkaline) environment, the charges at either end of the molecule and therefore the overall charge of the molecule are affected, explaining the effect of pH on proteins. The amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds in a condensation reaction to form di-peptides Primary Protein Structure The amino acids continue...

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