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Insulin, Glucagon and Somatostatin The principal role of the pancreatic hormones is the regulation of whole-body energy metabolism, principally by regulating the concentration and activity of numerous enzymes involved in catabolism and anabolism of the major cell energy supplies. The earliest of these hormones recognized was insulin, whose major function is to counter the concerted action of a number of hyperglycemia-generating hormones and to maintain low blood glucose levels. Because there are numerous hyperglycemic hormones, untreated disorders associated with insulin generally lead to severe hyperglycemia and shortened life span. Insulin is a member of a family of structurally and functionally similar molecules that include the insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1 and IGF-2), and relaxin. The tertiary structure of all 4 molecules is similar, and all have growth-promoting activities, but the dominant role of insulin is metabolic while the dominant roles of the IGFs and relaxin are in the regulation of cell growth...

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