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Enzyme background info Enzyme, a protein that catalyses a specific reaction. Living cells contain thousands of different enzymes, each of which catalyses (that is, accelerates without itself being changed) just one kind of reaction. In some of these reactions, small organic molecules such as amino acids, sugars, nucleotides, and lipids are broken down to provide energy for the cell. In other reactions, small molecules are built into complex macromolecules, such as proteins, DNA, RNA, and polysaccharides, or used to carry signals, or to control cell movements or gene expression. Enzyme-catalysed reactions are usually connected in series, so that the product of one reaction becomes the starting material, or substrate, for the next. These long linear reaction pathways are in turn linked to one another, forming a maze of interconnected reactions that enables the cell to survive, grow, and reproduce. Enzymes exhibit enormous catalytic power, in some cases increasing reaction rates by...

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