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Mutations Any alteration in the structure of a gene results in a mutation. Mutations occur during DNA replication when the chemical structure of genes undergoes random modifications. Once a change has occurred, the altered genes continue to replicate in their changed form unless another mutation occurs. Sometimes mutations occur during transcription or translation, causing protein synthesis to go away. Although mutations may occur in any living cell, they are most important when they occur in gametes because then the change affects the traits of following generations. Most mutations harm an organism. If a mutation occurs in a gene sequence that codes for a particular protein, the mutation may result in a change in the amino acid sequence directed by the gene. This change, in turn, may affect the function of the protein. The implications can be significant: The amino acid sequence distinguishing normal haemoglobin from the altered form of haemoglobin responsible for...

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