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How and Why do Genomes Evolve? Behind every evolving species there is an equally evolving genome. Without changes to the structure and composition of the DNA contained within the genome there would be no alteration in the phenotypic expression and natural selection (a cornerstone of directional evolution) would not occur. Natural selection allows variation to be maintained and more complex systems to arise which exploit more niches and hence increase global biodiversity. Using modern molecular techniques it is now possible to study entire genomes and determine exactly the changes they have undergone throughout evolutionary history and even begin to understand the mechanisms and possible implications of these events. In this essay I will describe how genomes evolve, concentrating on the mechanism, and why genomes evolve, which will mainly be covered in the summary sections to each subheading, but I will also summarise my ideas during the discussion. Genomes are collections of...

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