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Biochemical Aspects of Monosaccharides King Faisal University College of Medicine Dr: Abdellah Abusrie Ali Omar MBBCh, MS. MD. Include: 1- General informations about carbohydrates (monosaccharides) ; their tybes(aldo- ,keto-) ,structures (Fischer projection ,Haworth formula..etc),properties (reducing or non-reducing sugars)..and etc. 2- Monosacharides ;definition, types, structures, and chemical reactions (oxidation, reduction, glycoside, phosphate ester, and amino sugar formations). 3- Blood types and monosaccharides. 1- General informations: Monosaccharides cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler molecules. (Disaccharides can be hydrolyzed to two monosaccharides, etc.) Monosaccharides contain one carbon in the carbonyl oxidation state as either an aldehyde (aldose) or ketone (ketose). All other carbons contain alcohol functional groups. If the carbohydrate contains a total of five carbons, it is called a pentose. A carbohydrate that contains six total carbons is a hexose. Carbohydrates exist in aqueous solution largely as five or six member ring hemiacetals or hemiketals. Five member ring sugars are called furanoses (related to furan) and six member ring sugars are called pyranoses (related...

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