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Control of the internal environment of mammals Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment. The endocrine and nervous systems both contribute to coordination. Nerves and hormones have key roles in the maintenance of this steady internal state. Levels of pH, blood glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide and temperature all need to be controlled. Homeostasis is essential in mammals since whilst the environmental conditions fluctuate, those inside the organism remain stable. Body cells only function normally within a narrow range of conditions. Their enzymes are sensitive to temperature and pH changes, they need materials for growth and respiration, the removal of waste products and a specific composition of surrounding tissue fluid. The control systems must have a sensor monitoring the environment, which relays information to a control centre that stimulates an effector to change the environment. The system works through negative feedback loops. The pituitary gland is the key control gland. It...

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